不同种植年限砂田水盐变化与砂田退化初探

随着种植年限的增加,砂田的土砂比、土壤的水分与盐分含量都发生了明显的变化,加速了砂田的退化。对不同种植年限的砂田水盐变化及发生机理进行了分析,并总结了砂田退化的原因。结果表明,随种植年限的增加,提高了砂田的土砂比,砂田的保水、蓄水、抑蒸发、抑盐作用相对减弱,砂田的水盐变化与种植年限、砾石覆盖度、砂砾粒径、砂砾所处土壤表面的位置及地下水位密切相关,在一定程度上影响着砂田的退化。     

Identification of the G143A mutation associated with QoI resistance in Cercospora beticola field isolates from Michigan,United States

BACKGROUND: Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola, is the most serious foliar disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) worldwide. Disease control is mainly achieved by timely fungicide applications. In 2011, CLS control failures were reported in spite of application of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide in several counties in Michigan, United States. The purpose of this study was to confirm the resistant phenotype and identify the molecular basis for QoI resistance of Michigan C. beticola isolates. RESULTS: Isolates collected in Michigan in 1998 and 1999 that had no previous exposure to the QoI fungicides trifloxystrobin or pyraclostrobin exhibited QoI EC₅₀ values of ?0.006 µg mL^?1. In contrast, all isolates obtained in 2011 exhibited EC₅₀ values of > 0.92 µg mL^?1 to both fungicides and harbored a mutation in cytochrome b (cytb) that led to an amino acid exchange from glycine to alanine at position 143 (G143A) compared with baseline QoI‐sensitive isolates. Microsatellite analysis of the isolates suggested that QoI resistance emerged independently in multiple genotypic backgrounds at multiple locations. A real‐time PCR assay utilizing dual‐labeled fluorogenic probes was developed to detect and differentiate QoI‐resistant isolates harboring the G143A mutation from sensitive isolates. CONCLUSION: The G143A mutation in cytb is associated with QoI resistance in C. beticola. Accurate monitoring of this mutation will be essential for fungicide resistance management in this pathosystem. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Co‐infection by Botryosphaeriaceae and Ilyonectria spp. fungi during propagation causes decline of young grafted grapevines

Decline of newly planted, grafted grapevines is a serious viticultural problem worldwide. In the Riverina (New South Wales, Australia), characteristic symptoms include low fruit yields, very short shoots and severely stunted roots with black, sunken, necrotic lesions. To determine the cause, roots and wood tissue from affected plants in 20 vineyards (Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay grafted to V. champini cv. Ramsey rootstock) were assayed for microbial pathogens. Ilyonectria spp. (I. macrodidyma or I. liriodendra, producers of phytotoxin brefeldin A, BFA, and cause of black foot disease of grapevines) and Botryosphaeriaceae spp. (predominantly Diplodia seriata) were isolated from rootstocks of 100 and 95% of the plants, respectively. Togninia minima and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (cause of grapevine Petri disease) were isolated from 13 and 7% of affected plants, respectively. All Ramsey rootstock stems of grafted plants sampled from a supplier nursery were infected with Ilyonectria spp. and D. seriata. Diplodia seriata, but not Ilyonectria spp., was also isolated from 25% of canes sampled from the rootstock source block. Root inoculation of potted, disease‐free Chardonnay plants with Ilyonectria isolates from diseased vineyards caused typical disease symptoms, while co‐inoculation with Botryosphaeriaceae spp. increased disease severity. This is the first study to show that a major cause of young grapevine decline can be sequential infection by Botryosphaeriaceae from rootstock cuttings and Ilyonectria spp. from nursery soil. Although the Petri disease fungi were less common in young declining grafted grapevines in the Riverina, they are likely to contribute to the decline of surviving plants as they mature.     

Comparative biology of Mallada desjardinsi (navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), predators of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and aphis gossypii (glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cotton in eastern Tanzania

The developmental biology of Mallada desjardinsi (Navas) and Chrysoperla congrua (Walker) on the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii was studied in the laboratory at 28–32°C. Total larva! periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua on H. armigera eggs were 14.4 and 14.8 days respectively. However, when reared on A. gossypii larval periods of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua were 14.9 and 13.5 days respectively. When reared on H. armigera 52.9% and 25% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsis and C. congrua sp. died before pupation. However, when reared on A. gossypii 82.6% and 46.9% respectively of third instars of M. desjardinsi and C. congrua died before pupation. Thus, H. armigera eggs and A. gossypii nymphs were both adequate but not optimal diets for chrysopid larval development. The number of prey consumed by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua increased with instar. Total larval consumption of H. armigera by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was determined to be 135.5 and 169.8 eggs respectively. However, total larval consumption of A. gossypii by M. desjardinsi and C. congrua was found to be 189.0 and 171.8 nymphs respectively. Because of its longer larval period, and higher consumption of A. gossypii, M. desjardinsi would be better suited for use against A. gossypii than C. congrua. In contrast, C. congrua whose consumption of H. armigera was higher than that of M. desjardinsi although their larval periods were similar, would appear promising for control of H. armigera.     

云南烟草丛枝症病害研究 Ⅶ 激素的变化

采用植物激素ＥＬＩＳＡ测定试剂盒,对比测定了烟草感染丛枝症的病株与健株体内细胞分裂素（ｉＰＡ和ＺＲ）与生长素（ＩＡＡ）含量的变化．结果表明：生长素含量在整个发病期间健株都较高于病株,细胞分裂素含量在发病初期明显高于健株,随后呈下降趋势并趋于稳定,Ｃ／Ａ值在病程中相对处于较高水平．     

利用γ射线辐照诱发水稻龙特甫B叶色突变

用60Co-γ射线直接辐照龙特甫B干种子,诱发获得了多种类型叶色突变体。M2 代按苗计,白化、黄化和条纹三种叶色突变体的频率依次为0.347% ,0.041% 和0.031% 。对M2 代黄化和条纹两类突变群体的生长发育动态研究发现,其平均叶片数和分蘖数与对照有较大的差异。但有一些黄化和条纹突变体在三叶期后即可转为绿色,其叶片数和分蘖数与对照相近。在用这些叶色突变体与龙特甫A 杂交、回交后的M 4BC1 群体中,分离出正常绿色和带有叶色标记的两类不育株,二者之比接近1∶1。根据苗期和成株期的叶色特征,这些突变系分为 6 种类型。对M 4 突变系的株高、单株穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和结实率及相应的 M4BC1 植株的株高和单株穗数进行了考察,发现转绿型突变系及其相应的M4BC1 带叶色标记植株的农艺性状与相应的对照相仿。     

甘肃河西灌区不同种植年限玉米制种田土壤理化性质变化的研究

在河西灌区灌漠土上连续种植制种玉米2、4、6、8、10 a的地块为标准样品采集区,取0~20 cm耕层土样30个室内化验分析土壤理化性质。研究结果表明:随着玉米种植年限的延长,土壤孔隙度、碱解N、速效P、可溶性盐含量在递增,二者呈正相关。土壤容重、速效K随着玉米种植年限的延长在递减,二者呈显著的负相关。种植玉米2~8 a土壤有机质含量虽然随玉米种植年限的延长而增加,但增加的幅度不大,种植玉米10 a后,土壤有机质表现出下降的趋势。土壤pH随着制种玉米种植年限的延长而降低,连续种植玉米10 a土壤pH任趋于中性,不会对土壤理化性质产生不良的影响。     

Pb胁迫对藿香蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）营养积累与分配的影响

为了解Pb胁迫对地被植物藿香蓟（Ageratum conyzoides）生长特性的影响,采用盆栽控制试验,研究了不同Pb浓度（0、250、500、750、1000、1250、1500mg·kg-1）胁迫处理下霍香蓟植株生物生产量、生物量分配格局及N、P、K、Mg积累和分配特征。结果表明,低浓度Pb胁迫处理明显增加了藿香蓟的生物量、根茎叶中N、P、K、Mg含量及养分积累,改变了养分在植物体内的分配格局,但高浓度Pb胁迫处理明显抑制了植物生长,降低了根茎叶中P、K的含量和积累量。这说明藿香蓟能在一定程度上适应Pb污染土壤环境,可用于轻度Pb污染区域的园林绿化。     

基于ZigBee和嵌入式技术的无线安防监控系统研究与设计

针对传统有线安防系统的局限性,通过对zigbee技术和嵌入式技术的研究,提出了一种基于zigbee组网技术和嵌入式控制技术的住宅小区无线安防监控系统,实现了布防后能够对住宅小区生活中存在的火灾、盗窃、煤气泄漏等安全隐患进行监测及报警。采用基于ZigBee标准的射频芯片CC2430,实现节点间数据的无线传输,并给出了系统的硬件原理框图和软件设计思路。     

利用shRNA真核表达载体干涉雌性鸡胚性腺中芳香化酶基因(CYP19A1)的表达

本研究通过把构建的短发夹结构RNA(shRNA)真核表达载体导入鸡胚,检测鸡胚性腺分化期质粒载体在鸡胚体内代谢情况及雌性鸡胚性腺中芳香化酶基因(CYP19A1)mRNA表达效率,进而探讨利用该方法在鸡胚体内进行特定基因干涉的可行性.实验针对CYP19A1基因构建了4条特异性表达载体,一条非特异性表达载体.每个实验组选取45个新鲜种蛋作为实验材料进行胚盘下腔注射,并设立空白对照组.鸡胚发育12d时,检测各处理组鸡胚肝脏组织中质粒存在情况,并取其左侧性腺组织进行目标基因的荧光定量分析.研究结果表明,导入组在12日胚龄时所有鸡胚基因组中均可检测到绿色荧光蛋白基因(EGFP);荧光定量结果显示,导入特异性表达载体cyp-580、cyp-1083和cyp-1295后,对应雌性鸡胚性腺CYP19A1 mRNA表达效率显著低于空白对照组,干涉效率分别为:73％、52％和85％;特异性表达载体cyp-1403组CYP19A1mRNA表达效率与空白对照组相比有所降低但无显著性差异.本实验为诱导鸡胚性反转提供了新方法并建立了鸡胚发育期特定基因体内干涉新平台.